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Background: Unilateral coronal synostosis causes asymmetry of the forehead and face. The authors set out to document asymmetry and rotation of the middle/lower facial soft tissues using three-dimensional photogrammetry in adolesce...
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Background: Unilateral coronal synostosis causes asymmetry of the forehead and face. The authors set out to document asymmetry and rotation of the middle/lower facial soft tissues using three-dimensional photogrammetry in adolescent and adult patients with unilateral coronal synostosis who underwent correction in infancy.Methods: All patients older than 10 years who had bilateral fronto-orbital advancement in infancy for nonsyndromic unilateral coronal synostosis were eligible for this study. The following paired anthropometric distances were measured: medial canthus to facial midline distance (endocanthion to sellion); middle facial depth (tragion to subnasale); and lower facial depth (tragion to gnathion). Nasal tip deviation (sellion to pronasale) and facial midline deviation (sellion to subnasale to gnathion) were also measured.Results: There were 15 patients with an average age at fronto-orbital advancement of 8 months (range, 3 to 14 months). Three-dimensional digital images were taken at an average age of 14 years (range, 11 to 29 years). Digital anthropometry documented decreased mean middle facial depth (5.1 (+-) 3.2 mm; p < 0.00001) and lower facial depth (2.7 (+-) 2.5 mm; p < 0.00001) on the fused side. Average deviation of die nasal tip and facial midline to the nonfused side was 5.0 (+-)1.2 degrees and 3.4 (+-) 0.7 degrees, respectively. All 15 patients exhibited rotation of the middle and lower face to the nonfused side (chi-square analysis, p < 0.0001). Applying the Bonferroni correction, asymmetry did not correlate with age at frontal advancement or age at digital imaging.Conclusion: Adolescents and adults with unilateral coronal synostosis who underwent fronto-orbital advancement in infancy have consistent middle and lower facial asymmetry
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We examined the activities of some physiologically active substances (enzymes) in human seminal plasma from subjects in their 20s, 30s, and 40s. The average volume of semen per ejaculation in this investigation did not differ sign...
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We examined the activities of some physiologically active substances (enzymes) in human seminal plasma from subjects in their 20s, 30s, and 40s. The average volume of semen per ejaculation in this investigation did not differ significantly depending on the age of the subject. Two age dependent patterns of decrease of substances in semen were observed, and the substances including tissue kallikrein and prostate specific antigen (PSA) basic arginine amidase in human seminal plasma showing the first pattern (a significant decrease in the 40s as compared to the 30s) might be initially secreted from the prostate gland, and whereas the glands secreting the other group of substances including active form coagulation factor X (FXa) and plasminogen are not now known. The levels of these substances in semen decrease in the subjects in their 30s. The coagulation and liquefaction times of human semen from older subjects were both prolonged with those of semen from younger subjects, and that such alteractions ultimately cause the age dependent declines of the motility of sperm and the ability of fertility.
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BACKGROUND: Although drug-eluting stents (DES) are widely used today, bare metal stents (BMS) are still frequently employed. We investigated the utilization and clinical outcomes of BMS implantation since we first began using DES....
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BACKGROUND: Although drug-eluting stents (DES) are widely used today, bare metal stents (BMS) are still frequently employed. We investigated the utilization and clinical outcomes of BMS implantation since we first began using DES. METHODS: The clinical course following percutaneous intervention with de novo implantation of BMS was studied beginning in July 2004, when sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) were first used in our hospital, to August 2006. Outcomes following BMS and SES implantation were compared. RESULTS: BMS implantation was carried out in 160 lesions and SES implantation in 242 lesions. Follow-up coronary angiography was performed for 208 lesions (78 lesions in which BMS were implanted and 130 lesions in which SES were implanted) within 1 year. There were no significant differences in patient characteristics between the SES and BMS groups. Regardless of the reason for BMS implantation, the rates of in-stent restenosis and target lesion revascularization were higher in the BMS group than in theSES group. However, the rate of in-stent restenosis and target lesion revascularization of BMS in lesions with a diameter of 4.0mm or greater was 0%. CONCLUSIONS: In order to reduce the risk of in-stent restenosis and target lesion revascularization, we recommend implantation of BMS with a diameter of 4.0 mm or greater or SES unless it is contraindicated.
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AIM: To investigate the influence of tendinous and synaptic changes induced by unilateral lower limb suspension (ULLS) on the tendon tap reflex. METHODS: Eight young men underwent a 23-day period of ULLS. Muscle cross-sectional ar...
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AIM: To investigate the influence of tendinous and synaptic changes induced by unilateral lower limb suspension (ULLS) on the tendon tap reflex. METHODS: Eight young men underwent a 23-day period of ULLS. Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), torque and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the plantar flexor muscles (normalized to the M wave), Achilles tendon-aponeurosis mechanical properties, soleus (SOL) H and T reflexes and associated peak twitch torques were measured at baseline, after 14 and 23 days of ULLS, and 1 week after resuming ambulatory activity. RESULTS: Significant decreases in muscle CSA (-9%), in maximal voluntary torque (-10%) and in the associated SOL EMG activity (-16%) were found after ULLS (P < 0.05). In addition to a 36% (P < 0.01) decrease in tendon-aponeurosis stiffness, normalized H reflex increased by 35% (P < 0.05). An increase in the slope (28%, P < 0.05) and intercept (85%, P < 0.05) of the T reflex recruitment curve pointed to an increase in the gain and to a decrease in the sensitivity of this reflex, possibly resulting from the decrease in the tendon-aponeurosis stiffness at low forces. Following ULLS, changes in tendinous stiffness correlated with changes in neuromuscular efficiency (peak twitch torque to reflex ratio) at higher tendon tap forces. CONCLUSION: These findings point out the dual and antagonistic influences of spinal and tendinous adaptations upon the tendon tap reflex in humans under conditions of chronic unloading. These observations have potential implications for the sensitivity of the short-latency Ia stretch response involved in rapid compensatory contractions to unexpected postural perturbations.
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OBJECTIVES: Spinal cord injury results in loss of supraspinal control of sympathetic outflow, yet preservation of spinal reflexes. Given the importance of reflex activation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor neurones to the generation...
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OBJECTIVES: Spinal cord injury results in loss of supraspinal control of sympathetic outflow, yet preservation of spinal reflexes. Given the importance of reflex activation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor neurones to the generation of autonomic dysreflexia, we assessed the input-output relationship of the spinal somatosympathetic reflex induced by electrical activation of cutaneous afferents over the lower abdominal wall. METHODS: In 13 spinal cord-injured subjects (C4-T10) we tested the hypothesis that the magnitude and duration of the vasoconstriction is directly related to the magnitude and duration of the stimulus train. Cutaneous vasoconstriction was measured with photoelectric plethysmography over a finger and toe; continuous blood pressure was recorded by radial artery tonometry, heart rate by ECG chest electrodes and sweat release by skin conductance. Four sets of trains of cutaneous electrical stimuli (20 Hz 1 s, 20 Hz 20 s, 20 Hz 1 s alternating on-and-off for 20 s and 1 Hz 20 s) were applied to the abdominal wall (10 mA) at 2-min intervals. RESULTS: Nine subjects showed vasoconstrictor responses to the stimulus trains. On average, both the magnitude and duration of the responses were similar irrespective of the type of stimulus train. INTERPRETATION: We conclude that there is a non-linear relationship between somatic inputs and sympathetic vasoconstrictor outputs, and argue that a sustained vasoconstriction need not imply continuous sensory input to the spinal cord.
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OBJECTIVES: Spinal cord injury results in loss of supraspinal control of sympathetic outflow, yet preservation of spinal reflexes. Given the importance of reflex activation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor neurones to the generation...
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OBJECTIVES: Spinal cord injury results in loss of supraspinal control of sympathetic outflow, yet preservation of spinal reflexes. Given the importance of reflex activation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor neurones to the generation of autonomic dysreflexia, we assessed the input-output relationship of the spinal somatosympathetic reflex induced by electrical activation of cutaneous afferents over the lower abdominal wall. METHODS: In 13 spinal cord-injured subjects (C4-T10) we tested the hypothesis that the magnitude and duration of the vasoconstriction is directly related to the magnitude and duration of the stimulus train. Cutaneous vasoconstriction was measured with photoelectric plethysmography over a finger and toe; continuous blood pressure was recorded by radial artery tonometry, heart rate by ECG chest electrodes and sweat release by skin conductance. Four sets of trains of cutaneous electrical stimuli (20 Hz 1 s, 20 Hz 20 s, 20 Hz 1 s alternating on-and-off for 20 s and 1 Hz 20 s) were applied to the abdominal wall (10 mA) at 2-min intervals. RESULTS: Nine subjects showed vasoconstrictor responses to the stimulus trains. On average, both the magnitude and duration of the responses were similar irrespective of the type of stimulus train. INTERPRETATION: We conclude that there is a non-linear relationship between somatic inputs and sympathetic vasoconstrictor outputs, and argue that a sustained vasoconstriction need not imply continuous sensory input to the spinal cord.
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For the teaching and/or learning about drug actions and for the discovery and development of new drugs, it is important to understand how drugs act on living bodies. So far, there has been no clear description on the general princ...
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For the teaching and/or learning about drug actions and for the discovery and development of new drugs, it is important to understand how drugs act on living bodies. So far, there has been no clear description on the general principle of drug action in pharmacology textbooks. We propose two principles to depict the action mechanism of drugs. The first is that most, if not all, drugs act on proteins at the molecular level, that is, enzymes, receptors, ion channels, and transporters. The second is that a drug may cause divergent or convergent responses, resulting in changes of a physiological or pathological function of the human body. The concept of divergence and convergence can be used to explain the complex individuality of drug actions.
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PURPOSE: To demonstrate the morphologic changes of full-thickness bladder cryoablation utilizing contemporary percutaneous technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cryoablation of the bladder wall was conducted in 24 pigs. The bladders ...
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PURPOSE: To demonstrate the morphologic changes of full-thickness bladder cryoablation utilizing contemporary percutaneous technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cryoablation of the bladder wall was conducted in 24 pigs. The bladders were exposed laparoscopically and inspected cystoscopically. The animals underwent either extravesical (serosal) or transvesical (mucosal) approaches for the creation of the cryoablation lesion. Single or double freeze/thaw cycles were applied, and no bladder drainage was used. The bladder was evaluated for perforation, and histologic examination was undertaken to assess the extent of acute, subacute (2 weeks), or chronic (1 month) lesions. RESULTS: Cryoablation reliably produced a controlled transmural area of necrosis (both serosa and mucosa) by both techniques. The size and extent of the lesion were directly proportional to the duration of freezing and the type of cryoprobe used. The pathology report confirmed the full-thickness coagulative necrosis of muscle. Bladder perforation was not detected clinically or at autopsy. CONCLUSION: Cryoablation produces reliable zones of tissue destruction without bladder perforation. These preliminary data show the safety and feasibility for trials in the treatment of bladder tumors by laparoscopic, cystoscopic, or image-guided techniques.
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The history of structure-activity relationships in drug design represents a long search for appropriate descriptors of broad biological action at the molecular level. In this context, recent work showing that in vitro pharmacologi...
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The history of structure-activity relationships in drug design represents a long search for appropriate descriptors of broad biological action at the molecular level. In this context, recent work showing that in vitro pharmacological profiles can be used as exquisite descriptors of the broad biological effects of compounds represents an important breakthrough. Generalization of the methodology could have important implications for drug discovery and development. It might also provide a novel and insightful way to study systems biology.
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